Turkmenistan Facts and History

Capital: Ashgabat, population 695,300 (2001 est.) Major Cities: Turkmenabat (formerly Chardjou), population 203,000 (1999 est.), Dashoguz (formerly Dashowuz), population 166,500 (1999 est.), Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnovodsk), population 51,000 (1999 est.) More recent census figures are not yet available. Government of Turkmenistan Since its independence from the Soviet Union on October 27, 1991, Turkmenistan has been a nominally democratic republic, but there is only one approved political party: the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan. The president, who traditionally receives more than 90% of the vote in elections, is both head of state and head of the government. Two bodies make up the legislative branch: the 2,500-member Halk Maslahaty (Peoples Council), and the 65-member Mejlis (Assembly). The president heads both legislative bodies. All judges are appointed and supervised by the president. The current president is Gurbanguly Berdimuhammadov. Population of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan has approximately 5,100,000 citizens, and its population is growing about 1.6% annually. The largest ethnic group is the Turkmen, comprising 61% of the population. Minority groups include Uzbeks (16%), Iranians (14%), Russians (4%) and smaller populations of Kazakhs, Tatars, etc. As of 2005, the fertility rate was 3.41 children per woman. Infant mortality stood at about 53.5 per 1,000 live births. Official Language The official language of Turkmenistan is Turkmen, a Turkic language. Turkmen is closely related to Uzbek, Crimean Tatar, and other Turkic languages. Written Turkmen has gone through a vast number of different alphabets. Prior to 1929, Turkmen was written in the Arabic script. Between 1929 and 1938, a Latin alphabet was used. Then, from 1938 through 1991, the Cyrillic alphabet became the official writing system. In 1991, a new Latinate alphabet was introduced, but it has been slow to catch on. Other languages spoken in Turkmenistan include Russian (12%), Uzbek (9%) and Dari (Persian). Religion in Turkmenistan The majority of Turkmenistans people are Muslim, primarily Sunni. Muslims make up about 89% of the population. Eastern (Russian) Orthodox account for an additional 9%, with the remaining 2% unaffiliated. The brand of Islam practiced in Turkmenistan and other Central Asian states have always been leavened with pre-Islamic shamanist beliefs. During the Soviet era, the practice of Islam was officially discouraged. Mosques were torn down or converted, the teaching of the Arabic language outlawed, and mullahs were killed or driven underground. Since 1991, Islam has made a resurgence, with new mosques appearing everywhere. Turkmen Geography The area of Turkmenistan is 488,100 square km  or 303,292 square miles. It is slightly larger than the U.S. state of California. Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea to the west, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, and Iran to the south. Roughly 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sands) Desert, which occupies central Turkmenistan. The Iranian border is marked by the Kopet Dag Mountains. Turkmenistans primary freshwater source is the Amu Darya River, (formerly called the Oxus). The lowest point is Vpadina Akchanaya, at -81 m. The highest is Gora Ayribaba, at 3,139 m. Climate of Turkmenistan The climate of Turkmenistan is classified as subtropical desert. In fact, the country has four distinct seasons. Winters are cool, dry and windy, with temperatures sometimes dropping below zero and occasional snow. Spring brings most of the countrys scant precipitation, with annual accumulations between 8 centimeters (3 inches) and 30 centimeters (12 inches). Summer in Turkmenistan is characterized by searing heat: temperatures in the desert can exceed 50 °C (122 °F). Autumn is pleasant - sunny, warm and dry. Turkmen Economy Some of the land and industry has been privatized, but Turkmenistans economy is still highly centralized. As of 2003, 90% of workers were employed by the government. Soviet-style output exaggerations and financial mismanagement keep the country mired in poverty, despite its vast stores of natural gas and oil. Turkmenistan exports natural gas, cotton, and grain. Agriculture depends heavily upon canal irrigation. In 2004, 60% of the Turkmen people lived below the poverty line. The Turkmen currency is called the manat. The official exchange rate is $1 U.S.: 5,200 manat. The street rate is closer to $1: 25,000 manat. Human Rights in Turkmenistan Under the late president, Saparmurat Niyazov (r. 1990-2006), Turkmenistan had one of the worst human rights records in Asia. The current president has instituted some cautious reforms, but Turkmenistan is still far from international standards. Freedom of expression and religion are guaranteed by the Turkmen Constitution  but dont exist in practice. Only Burma and North Korea have worse censorship. Ethnic Russians in the country face harsh discrimination. They lost their dual Russian/Turkmen citizenship in 2003, and cannot legally work in Turkmenistan. Universities routinely reject applicants with Russian surnames. History of Turkmenistan Indo-European tribes arrived in the area c. 2,000 B.C. The horse-centered herding culture that dominated the region until the Soviet Era developed at this time, as an adaptation to the harsh landscape. Turkmenistans recorded history starts around 500 B.C., with its conquest by the Achaemenid Empire. In 330 B.C., Alexander the Great defeated the Achaemenids. Alexander established a city on the Murgab River, in Turkmenistan, which he named Alexandria. The city later became Merv. Just seven years later, Alexander died; his generals divided up his empire. The nomadic Scythian tribe swept down from the north, driving out the Greeks and establishing the Parthian Empire (238 B.C. to 224 A.D.) in modern-day Turkmenistan and Iran. The Parthian capital was at Nisa, just west of the present-day capital of Ashgabat. In 224 A.D. the Parthians fell to the Sassanids. In northern and eastern Turkmenistan, nomadic groups including the Huns were migrating in from the steppe lands to the east. The Huns swept the Sassanids out of southern Turkmenistan, as well, in the 5th century A.D. As the Silk Road developed, bringing goods and ideas across Central Asia, Merv and Nisa became important oases along the route. The Turkmen cities developed into centers of art and learning. During the late 7th century, the Arabs brought Islam to Turkmenistan. At the same time, the Oguz Turks (the ancestors of modern Turkmen) were moving west into the area. The Seljuk Empire, with a capital at Merv, was established in 1040 by the Oguz. Other Oguz Turks moved to Asia Minor, where they would eventually establish the Ottoman Empire in what is now Turkey. The Seljuk Empire collapsed in 1157. Turkmenistan was then ruled by the Khans of Khiva for about 70 years, until the arrival of Genghis Khan. In 1221, the Mongols burned Khiva, Konye Urgench and Merv to the ground, slaughtering the inhabitants. Timur was equally ruthless when he swept through in the 1370s. After these catastrophes, the Turkmen were scattered until the 17th century. The Turkmen regrouped during the 18th century, living as raiders and pastoralists. In 1881, the Russians massacred the Teke Turkmen at Geok-Tepe, bringing the area under the Tsars control. In 1924, the Turkmen S.S.R. was founded. The nomadic tribes were forcibly settled onto farms. Turkmenistan declared its independence in 1991, under President Niyazov.

Essay on Walt Whitman - 2286 Words

Walt Whitman was looked upon as the forerunner of 20th Century poetry, praising democracy, and becoming a proclaimed poet of American democracy. He was known as the amp;quot;Son of Long Island,amp;quot; and he loved his country and everything about it. (Current, Williams, Freidel- page 292-293). Whitman lived during the time of the Civil War; a fact that increased his patriotism. Whitman was considered one of the most important American Poets of the 19th Century. (Encyclopedia of World Biography- page 249). He influenced the direction of 20th Century poets such as Erza Pound, William Carlos Williams, Carlos Sandberg, and Allen Ginsberg. Whitman praised democracy and spoke of the flesh as well as the spirit. (Encyclopedia of Biography-†¦show more content†¦Sometimes the narrator was the poet himself. (Lowen, Nancy- page 6). In other passages, quot;Iquot; speaks for the human race, the universe, or a specific character, which was dramatized. Like all Whitmans major poems, quot ;Song of Myselfquot; contained symbols. For example, in the poem he described grass as a symbol of life quot;the babe of vegetation,quot; quot;the handkerchief of the Lord.quot; Whitman praised God and nature. He exposed his gentle nature to his fellow man, and in doing so expressed his love of the world. This was a love he grew up with and carried with him everywhere he went. Whitman loved Long Island and it became a major part of his works. (Webster, Orville III- page 122). He held various jobs throughout his life. He was a printing apprentice, journalist, editor, and school teacher. Walt Whitman sold his first story to quot;The Democratic Reviewquot; shortly after leaving his teaching job. This publication was known to pirate literature from Europe to save money, but it also printed the works of Poe, Lowell, Whittier, Hawthorne, as well as other well-known American lyricists. (Webster Orville III- page 123). 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Problem and Solution of Plastics Free Essays

The problem and solution of plastic Recently, plastic has become one of the most serious pollution problems in the world. According to a piece of news, it shows that every year worldwide plastic trash has been estimated at 260 million tons, and around ten percent ends up in the ocean. Many clean any more. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem and Solution of Plastics or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, in order to get back our beautiful ocean, people must recycle plastic and transform it into other energies. The tourism has become a great share that contributes to a country’s economy. Such as Maldives, every year, many people go to Maldives to take a holiday. It used to be a beautiful beach there, but now, a lot of plastic trash is thrown on it. Maybe at this moment, the economy there is not so good anymore; furthermore, the clean ocean and the good air condition are disappearing. The same situation also happens to some cities that are famous for mountains, for instance Taian, Huangshan. Their tourism is a large support to their economy. A piece of news has reported that in Huangshan, the cleaners have to climb to the mountain to pick up the plastic bags, bottles and other trash. Therefore, people must recycle plastic; it is not only good for our environment, but also beneficial to save the energies. The best action to address this problem is to recycle plastic and transform it into other energies. The first way is burning plastic in a special incinerator. The heat can be used for industrial power generation, according to a survey; it shows that recycling 1 ton of plastic saves the equivalent of 5,774 kilowatt-hours of electric energy. In addition, many companies that using plastic to generate power have established in recent years. Another way to address this problem is Hydride decomposition. This method could transform sixty to eighty percent of the composition of plastic to crude oil. Crude oil is one of the most essential fuels in the world, about eighty-eight percent of the crude oil is used to be fuel, and so recycling plastic can make a contribution to saving the crude oil. In order to realize this transformation, the government should spend more money on developing technology. Maybe it will cost much money, but once a country has an incinerator or a Hydride decomposition machine, they can be used for many years; much plastic can be transformed and a lot of energies can be saved. Thus, recycling plastic and transforming it into other energies is the best action to address this big pollution problem. Everyone in the world should not throw plastic anywhere; people should care more about the environment not always about themselves. Because a good environment is the insurance of people’s health, a clean ocean will get back to people’s life soon. The marine animals will live happy lives with their best friends-human being. How to cite Problem and Solution of Plastics, Essay examples

Role of Government in Protecting Health & Safety-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the role of government in promoting healthy practices for their citizens. Answer: Response The role of government in promoting healthy practices for their citizens is justifiable and can be supported by the fact that, health systems are gradually grappling with the effects of communicable and chronic diseases (Frieden 2013). Prevention of the reemerging of the deadly diseases depends on the initiatives taken up by the government such as proper vaccination programs, waste and sewage management programs. It has been rightly stated that mandatory immunization rules set up by the government can bring fruitful outcomes in the prevention of several viral diseases. Other governmental actions that have a wide spread implication on public health are fluoridation of water, iodization of salt and micronutrient fortification of the flour. Many of the interventions were initially controversial is widely accepted today (Kickbusch and Gleicher 2012). The mandatory immunization programs by the government can be supported by the fact that India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria has been declared as a polio free country after the extensive polio eradication campaigns and the measures taken up by the government of the concerned countries (Kickbusch and Gleicher 2012). Paternalistic approach taken up by the government may raise questions on individual autonomy but initiatives taken by the government on behalf of the masses such as tobacco control campaigns, High excise taxation on tobacco and alcohol are quite justifiable and are solely made for the public health (Frieden 2013). Furthermore, the government's initiative in the management of wastes can be supported by the evidence that the government of Canada have undertaken measures for the safe handling, transport and disposal of pre-hospital care from persons confirmed with Ebola virus disease. Such measures have prevented the spread of the virus in the community (Kickbusch and Gle icher 2012). It can be said that all the potential health benefits of the different public health action involve health care, economic and productivity gains along with the benefit of healthier and longer lives. References Frieden, T.R., 2013. Government's role in protecting health and safety.New England Journal of Medicine,368(20), pp.1857-1859. Kickbusch, I. and Gleicher, D., 2012. Governance for health in the 21st century. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.